Kidney stone surgery
Treatment for kidney stones that do not pass on their own. Options include ESWL, ureteroscopy, and surgery when needed.
What is kidney stone disease?
Kidney stone disease (nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) is a common urological condition in which solid masses, or “stones,” form in the kidneys from minerals and salts in the urine. These stones can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Small stones may pass through the urinary tract without causing significant problems; larger stones can cause severe pain and complications.
What causes kidney stones?
Stones form when the urine contains more crystal-forming substances—such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid—than the fluid in the urine can dilute. Factors that can increase the risk include: dehydration; a diet high in protein, salt, or sugar; obesity; certain medical conditions such as gout or inflammatory bowel disease; and family history of kidney stones.
How is kidney stone disease diagnosed?
Doctors use several methods to diagnose kidney stones: imaging tests (CT scans, X-rays, or ultrasound) to see the stones; urine tests to check for substances that form stones; and blood tests to identify high levels of stone-forming minerals. We can arrange these and refer you to a urologist for treatment when needed.
Symptoms of kidney stones
Kidney stones can cause severe pain that often starts suddenly and may change location as the stone moves through the urinary tract. Symptoms may include: sharp pain in the back, side, lower abdomen, or groin; blood in the urine; frequent urination; nausea and vomiting; and fever and chills if an infection is present. If you experience these, see a doctor for evaluation.
How is kidney stone disease treated?
Treatment depends on the size and type of the stones. Options include: medications to help pass small stones; extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), which uses sound waves to break up stones; ureteroscopy, where a thin tube is inserted to locate and remove or fragment stones; percutaneous nephrolithotomy, a surgical procedure for large stones; and open surgery, though less common, for very large or complicated stones. We can refer you to a urologist for the most suitable option.
How to prevent kidney stones
To reduce the risk of developing kidney stones: drink plenty of water throughout the day; eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables; limit salt, sugar, and animal protein; avoid foods high in oxalates (such as spinach and nuts) if advised; and maintain a healthy weight. Lifestyle changes and good fluid intake can help prevent recurrence.
What happens if kidney stones are not treated in time?
Untreated kidney stones can lead to serious complications: persistent pain and discomfort, urinary tract infections, kidney damage or scarring, and obstruction of the urinary tract that can lead to kidney failure. Prompt treatment is essential to avoid these complications.
Frequently asked questions
What are kidney stones made of?
Kidney stones are typically made of calcium oxalate, but they can also be made of other substances such as uric acid, struvite, and cystine.
How can I tell if I have a kidney stone?
Severe pain in the back, side, lower abdomen, or groin, blood in the urine, frequent urination, nausea, and vomiting are common symptoms. If you experience these, consult a doctor.
Can kidney stones be passed without treatment?
Yes. Small stones can often pass through the urinary tract on their own with adequate hydration and pain management. Larger stones usually need a procedure or surgery.
How long does it take to pass a kidney stone?
It can vary from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the stone’s size and location. Your doctor will advise on pain control and when to seek urgent care.
How long is the recovery period after kidney stone surgery?
Recovery varies. Non-invasive procedures like ESWL often have shorter recovery times (typically a few days); more invasive surgery may require a few weeks.
Can kidney stones recur?
Yes. Once you have had a kidney stone, you are more likely to develop another. Dietary changes and staying hydrated can help reduce the risk.
Can kidney stones cause permanent kidney damage?
If left untreated, kidney stones can cause chronic kidney disease or permanent kidney damage. Prompt treatment is important to avoid complications.
Disclaimer
The information on this page is for general awareness only and is not a substitute for medical advice. For diagnosis and treatment, please consult a doctor. See our disclaimer.